Findings here reveal significant disparities between projects executed under top-down and bottom-up approaches. Projects guided by top-down methodologies, typically led by central government agencies, often result in maladaptive outcomes due to their one-size-fits-all approach. In contrast, the bottom-up planning approach empowers communities with greater agency, leading to heightened adaptive capacity, though the approach still faces challenges. Based on these findings, the study recommends prioritizing bottom-up approaches for future initiatives in Tanzania. By empowering communities and enhancing their agency in project decision-making, these approaches can foster greater adaptability to climate change challenges.
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