As in the past, this Poverty and Human Development Report 2005 has been prepared under the auspices of the Research and Analysis Working Group of the poverty monitoring system. At the beginning of the fourth phase of Tanzania’s Government, the members of the RAWG hope that this report will provide a useful material with which to renew efforts for poverty reduction, especially among the poorest of Tanzania’s population. Moreover, to do so inclusively, according to the principles of good governance as articulated in MKUKUTA and in the same open spirit in which MKUKUTA itself was developed.