This paper examines the production and market arrangements in the sugar value chain in Tanzania, an industry that involves a significant number of smallholders producing sugarcane for monophonic processors. The study followed an exploratory approach, including the triangulation of data through interviews with key institutions such as the Sugar Board of Tanzania (SBT), milling companies, intermediary organizations of outgrowers, and those providing major services to Tanzania’s cane growers. Interviews were also carried out with individual growers and farmer groups, and observations were made of operations in cane fields and sugar mills. Secondary data were collected from report files obtained from sugar milling companies, outgrower intermediary organizations, the SBT, and international organizations, notably the FAO and the International Sugar Organization (ISO).